Filarial worms are a group of parasitic nematodes that cause filariasis, a collection of tropical diseases affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The most common filarial worms include Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Onchocerca volvulus, each of which causes distinct forms of filariasis. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes or blackflies, depending on the worm species.
Filariasis presents in different forms based on the specific filarial worm. Lymphatic filariasis, caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, leads to chronic swelling and disfigurement of limbs and genitalia, a condition known as elephantiasis. Onchocerciasis, caused by Onchocerca volvulus, is commonly known as river blindness and can lead to severe itching, skin nodules, and irreversible blindness due to larval migration to the eyes. Another form, subcutaneous filariasis, affects the skin and eyes, causing swelling and itching but typically does not impact internal organs.
Treatment for filariasis involves antiparasitic medications, such as ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), or albendazole, depending on the specific worm and disease. Mass drug administration programs in endemic regions are essential for controlling and reducing transmission. Preventive measures focus on vector control, including the use of bed nets, insect repellents, and vector population reduction efforts.
