Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic flatworm (fluke) that causes schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, a major tropical disease affecting millions of people globally. The infection is primarily transmitted through contact with freshwater contaminated by the larvae, which are released by infected snails. These larvae, known as cercariae, penetrate human skin and migrate through the bloodstream to the liver and intestines, where they mature into adult worms.
Schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni mainly affects the intestines and liver. As the adult worms lay eggs, some become trapped in the tissues, causing an immune reaction. The most common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and blood in the stool. Chronic infection can lead to more severe consequences like liver damage, fibrosis, portal hypertension, and an enlarged spleen. In children, the disease can stunt growth and impair cognitive development.
Diagnosis is typically made by detecting the parasite’s eggs in stool samples or through blood tests. Treatment involves the use of antiparasitic medications, primarily praziquantel, which is effective at killing the adult worms but may need to be administered repeatedly in areas of high reinfection rates.
Preventing schistosomiasis includes avoiding contact with contaminated freshwater, improving sanitation, and controlling the snail population in endemic regions.
