Coccidioides immitis is a soil-dwelling fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley fever. This infection is prevalent in arid regions of the southwestern United States, Central America, and South America, particularly in areas with dry soil and frequent dust disturbances. When the soil is disrupted by activities like construction, farming, or windstorms, C. immitis spores become airborne. People can become infected by inhaling these spores, which settle in the lungs.
Valley fever often starts with flu-like symptoms, including cough, fever, chills, fatigue, and chest pain, and usually resolves without treatment in healthy individuals. However, in some cases, the infection can become chronic, causing persistent lung problems, or disseminated, spreading to other parts of the body such as the bones, skin, and central nervous system. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis is more severe and can lead to complications such as skin lesions, joint pain, meningitis, and even death, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
Treatment for coccidioidomycosis varies based on the infection’s severity. Mild cases may not require treatment, but moderate to severe infections often require antifungal medications such as fluconazole or itraconazole. For disseminated cases, more potent antifungals like amphotericin B may be needed. Preventive measures include reducing exposure to dust in endemic areas by using masks, staying indoors during dust storms, and moistening soil before activities that may disturb it. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing symptoms and preventing complications, especially in at-risk populations.
