Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal pathogen that causes cryptococcosis, a potentially life-threatening infection primarily affecting the lungs and central nervous system. This fungus is found in soil, especially in areas contaminated with bird droppings, particularly pigeon droppings. Humans become infected by inhaling airborne fungal spores, which then travel to the lungs and, in some cases, disseminate to other parts of the body.
In immunocompetent individuals, cryptococcosis may cause mild or asymptomatic respiratory infections. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, C. neoformans can lead to severe infections. The most serious form is cryptococcal meningitis, which causes symptoms such as headache, fever, neck stiffness, nausea, and sensitivity to light. Left untreated, cryptococcal meningitis can be fatal.
Treatment for cryptococcosis typically involves antifungal medications, with amphotericin B and flucytosine used in severe cases, often followed by fluconazole for long-term maintenance. Preventive strategies focus on managing underlying conditions and reducing exposure to areas with high fungal concentrations. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes, particularly in immunocompromised patients at high risk of severe disease.
