Culex mosquitoes, particularly Culex pipiens in urban and suburban areas, are the primary vectors for West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne virus that affects humans, birds, and other animals. These mosquitoes are found worldwide, particularly in warm climates, and breed in stagnant water sources like ponds, gutters, and containers. Culex mosquitoes become infected with WNV when they feed on infected birds, which are the main reservoir for the virus.
West Nile virus infections in humans can vary widely in severity. While most people show no symptoms, about 20% may develop West Nile fever, characterized by symptoms such as fever, headache, body aches, joint pain, vomiting, and rash. In severe cases, particularly among older adults and immunocompromised individuals, the virus can invade the central nervous system, leading to neuroinvasive disease (encephalitis, meningitis, or acute flaccid paralysis), which can result in long-term neurological effects or even death.
Preventive measures focus on reducing exposure to mosquito bites and controlling mosquito populations. Personal protection strategies include using insect repellents, wearing long sleeves and pants, and installing window screens. Community mosquito control programs, such as eliminating standing water and spraying insecticides, play a critical role in minimizing the spread of West Nile virus in affected areas. Early detection and public awareness are also essential for managing outbreaks and reducing the risk of infection.
