Echinococcus multilocularis is a species of tapeworm that causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a severe and potentially life-threatening parasitic disease. It is considered one of the most dangerous forms of echinococcosis, primarily affecting the liver but capable of spreading to other organs such as the lungs, brain, and bones. This parasite’s life cycle involves wild canines, such as foxes, as definitive hosts, while small mammals like rodents serve as intermediate hosts. Humans become accidental hosts through ingestion of the tapeworm’s eggs, usually from contaminated food, water, or soil, or through direct contact with infected animals.
Once ingested, the eggs hatch in the human intestines, and the larvae invade the liver. Unlike cystic echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus, alveolar echinococcosis leads to the formation of infiltrative, tumor-like lesions that can progressively destroy tissue, much like cancer. Symptoms of the disease may take years to develop and include abdominal pain, jaundice, weight loss, and liver failure as the parasitic growth impairs liver function. If left untreated, AE has a high mortality rate.
Diagnosis is usually made through imaging techniques such as ultrasound or MRI, along with serological tests to detect specific antibodies. Treatment options for AE include long-term antiparasitic medication (typically albendazole) and, if possible, surgical removal of the affected tissue. Due to its invasive nature, complete surgical removal is often difficult, requiring indefinite medication to prevent recurrence.
Prevention of alveolar echinococcosis focuses on reducing contact with the eggs of Echinococcus multilocularis. This includes proper hygiene, washing wild or garden vegetables thoroughly, avoiding contact with wild canines, and controlling the population of intermediate hosts like rodents. Additionally, deworming domestic dogs and cats in endemic areas can help interrupt the parasite’s transmission cycle.
