Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, a common infection that can affect various organ systems. The parasite is primarily transmitted to humans through contact with cat feces (containing oocysts), consumption of undercooked or contaminated meat (containing tissue cysts), and, less commonly, through contaminated water, unwashed produce, or congenitally from mother to fetus. Cats are the definitive host of T. gondii, shedding infectious oocysts in their feces, which can survive in the environment for long periods.
In healthy individuals, toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic or presents with mild flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, the infection can cause serious complications, including encephalitis, lung inflammation, and eye damage. If a woman acquires toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, it can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis, potentially causing miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe neurological and developmental issues in the newborn.
Treatment for toxoplasmosis typically involves medications such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, combined with folinic acid, in severe cases or for immunocompromised individuals. Preventive measures include avoiding handling cat litter during pregnancy, thoroughly cooking meat, washing hands and surfaces after handling raw meat, and practicing good hygiene around cats and in gardens. Raising awareness of toxoplasmosis transmission routes helps reduce infection risk, especially for vulnerable populations.
